The province is best known as the birthplace of Genghis Khan and one of first four provinces of Mongolia. It ccontains major part of the Khentii Mountain area and is located in the basins of Kherlen and Onon rivers. It shares borders with Dornod, Sukhbaatar, Dornogovi, Govisumber, Tuv, Selenge provinces and with Russia.
The Khentii Province was established in 1923. The province is listed as the ninth largest in Mongolia by geographical size and has an area of 80.300 km2.
The province is located in the north eastern region of Mongolia.
The west of the province contains the eastern part of the Khentii Mountains. The mountain Burkhan Khaldun in the Khentii Mountains is considered a sacred place by the state. The Onon river originates from the north of the Khentii Mountains, and the Kherlen river, crossing the front side of the province originates from the south of the Khentii Mountains.