Selenge Province was established in 1934. It is located in northern Mongolia, between the Orkhon and Selenge river basins and is predominantly forest steppe region with hills and mountains. Jurassic era sediment deposits are spread throughout the northwest, granite is found throughout the south, and metamorphic granite throughout the north of the province. Selenge Province is rich in mineral resources such as coal (Ulaan Tolgoi, Sharyn Gol etc), iron ore (Tumurtei, Tumur Tolgoi), gold (Ikh Altat, Bugant, Tolgoit) and construction raw materials.
The large rivers of Mongolia such as Selenge, Orkhon, Yuruu and Kharaa flow through this region. There are also many lakes like Tsagaannuur and springs such as Yuruu, Tovkhonkhany, Khondyn, Mogoin. Most of the region has mountainous dark soil with some sediment soil in the river valleys. It is surrounded by Tavan Khan Mountain.
42 percent of the provinceincial territory is covered by forest and the remaining parts are covered by pasture plants. Rivers basins are covered by bushes. Forest and steppe animals are widely spread.