Bayankhongor Province was established by the Resolution #81 of Consultative State Meeting on 11 December 1941. It contains 16 soums, 112 bags, 11,800 households and a population of 41,800. With an area of 116,000 km2, it is one of the largest provinces in area, accounting for some 7.8 percent of the total territory of Mongolia. This includes four geographical zones: Altai, Khangai, Gobi desert and steppe. Bayankhongor Province is located in the central western part of Mongolia, at the transition from the Great Siberian taiga to the Central Asian Gobi desert. It borders with the Uvurkhangai, Umnugobi, Gobi-Altai, Zavkhan, and Arkhangai provinces and also share a 140km border with China. The center of the province is located 630 kilometers away from the capital, Ulaanbaatar.
The northern part of the province includes the plateau of southern Altai Mountains and forest steppe, the middle region includes the Great Lakes and steppe, while the southern part includes the Gobi desert zone. The province is known for its high capacity for solar and wind energy resources, despite harsh weather conditions ranging from the cold and wet weather of the north to the extreme dry conditions of the south. The majority of territory has an elevation of 1000-1400 m above sea level, with the lowest point, Ekhiin-Gol, located at the altitude of 720 m and the highest point, Ikh Bogd Mountain at the altitude of 3,957 m. Average temperature range is around -18 to 300C during the winter time and around 15 to 270C during the summer time.
The province is rich in minerals such as gold, copper, brown coal, crystal, spar, marble, granite and precious stone as well as construction materials like various soil paints, high quality mud and limestone.